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¹ Harran Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, Türkiye DOI : 10.17693/yunusae.vi.372091 Viewed : 3505 - Downloaded : 1898 C. macrostomus thriving in river systems of Euphrates and Tigris is a fish. This species with economic importance because it is consumed by people. For the conservation and management of species with economic importance, it is considerable to have in depth understanding about the genetic diversity and population structure. The purpose of this study is; The genetic structure of C. macrostomus populations in the Euphrates and Dicle rivers is determined at the microsatellite DNA level. A total of 64 individuals were sampled from Adıyaman and Diyarbakır to represent the river systems and the DNA isolation was performed. Five microsatellite markers were amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using the markers (MFW-1, MFW-7, MFW-9, Barbus27 and Barbus33) and fragments of alleles were identified by fragmant analysis. In terms of number allel, MFW-9 (22 alleles) with the highest locus, at least allele is MFW-7 (3 alleles) were detected. The genetic distance between Adıyaman and Diyarbakır populations was estimated to be 0.024 and not statistically significant. In Factorial Correspondence Analysis, the individuals from both populations are not completely separated from each other. Thus, a genetic structure did not emerge to coincide with geographical distribution. All of the results obtained with this study were obtained for the first time for C. macrostomus species. This dataset constituted an important dataset in terms of genetic diversity. Keywords : Cyprinion macrostomus, Genetic diversity, microsatellite, Euphrates River, Tigris River